Functional electrical stimulation: uses and equipment

FES stimulates peripheral nerves to activate weak or paralyzed muscles during purposeful movement. Systems may use surface electrodes or implanted components.

Clinicians select suitable equipment and electrode arrangements and teach safe use.

Implanted devices, certain conditions, and electrode locations can make FES unsuitable.

Research supports strength benefits and suggests potential fitness improvements. Cycling may be better at preserving strength than restoring strength already lost.