Acupuncture: use, evidence and safety

Acupuncture targets specific body points; dry needling targets tight muscle bands. The two approaches use similar needles but differ in theory and practice.

Trained practitioners assess suitability and use sterile needles while monitoring responses.

Proposed scientific mechanisms involve nerve signalling and circulation; the precise mechanisms remain uncertain. Traditional explanations describe energy pathways; these do not correspond closely to current scientific models.

Medical conditions, bleeding risks, skin problems and autonomic dysreflexia may affect suitability.

Mild reactions are common; serious injuries or infections can occur, particularly with poor technique. Needle irritation below an SCI may trigger autonomic dysreflexia, even without normal sensation.

Studies suggest possible benefits for neuropathic pain and bladder function; shoulder-pain findings remain uncertain. Possible improvements in functional recovery also require confirmation. Some positive studies were small or lower quality.