Functional electrical stimulation: evidence and safety

Nerves and muscles below an injury may respond to stimulation despite disrupted brain signals. This depends on the target nerves and muscles remaining responsive.

Possible effects include discomfort, skin irritation, dizziness, and less common complications.

Evidence for bone, skin, spasticity, and blood pressure benefits is less certain. Assumed benefits, such as fewer pressure injuries from greater muscle bulk, have not always been directly tested.