Reference list

Author: Sharon Jang | Reviewer: Tova Plashkes | Published: 24 September 2020 | Updated: 7 December 2021

Parts of this page has been adapted from SCIRE Project (Professional) “Respiratory Management during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury” Chapter:

Mullen E, Mirkowski M, Vu V, McIntyre A, Teasell RW. (2015). Respiratory Management during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury. In Eng JJ, Teasell RW, Miller WC, Wolfe DL, Townson AF, Hsieh JTC, Connolly SJ, Noonan VK, Loh E, McIntyre A, editors. Spinal Cord Injury Research Evidence. Version 5.0: p 1-50.

Available from: https://scireproject.com/evidence/acute-evidence/respiratory-management-during-acute-phase-of-spinal-cord-injury/

Warren, P. M., Awad, B. I., & Alilain, W. J. (2014). Drawing breath without the command of effectors: The control of respiration following spinal cord injury. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2014.08.005

Lemons, V. R., & Wagner, F. C. (1994). Respiratory Complications After CSCI. In Spine (Vol. 19, Issue 20, pp. 2315–2320).

Romero-Ganuza, J., Gambarrutta, C., Merlo-Gonzalez, V. E., Marin-Ruiz, M. Á., Diez De La Lastra-Buigues, E., & Oliviero, A. (2011). Complications of tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation surgery. American Journal of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery, 32(5), 408–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.07.020

Romero, J., Vari, A., Gambarrutta, C., & Oliviero, A. (2009). Tracheostomy timing in traumatic spinal cord injury. European Spine Journal, 18(10), 1452–1457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-1097-3

Aarabi, B., Harrop, J. S., Tator, C. H., Alexander, M., Dettori, J. R., Grossman, R. G., Fehlings, M. G., Mirvis, S. E., Shanmuganathan, K., Zacherl, K. M., Burau, K. D., Frankowski, R. F., Toups, E., Shaffrey, C. I., Guest, J. D., Harkema, S. J., Habashi, N. M., Andrews, P., Johnson, M. M., & Rosner, M. (2012). Predictors of pulmonary complications in blunt traumatic spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 17, 38–45.

Jain, N. B., Higgins, L. D., Katz, J. N., & Garshick, E. (2010). Association of shoulder pain with the use of mobility devices in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. PM and R, 2(10), 896–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.05.004

Anke, A., Aksnes, A. K., Stanghelle, J. K., & Hjeltnes, N. (1993). Lung volumes in tetraplegic patients according to cervical spinal cord injury level. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 25(2), 73–77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8341994

Brown, R., DiMarco, A. F., Hoit, J. D., & Garshick, E. (2006). Respiratory dysfunction and management in spinal cord injury. Respiratory Care, 51(8), 853-68;discussion 869-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16867197%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2495152

Berlly, M., & Shem, K. (2007). Respiratory management during the first five days after spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 30(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2007.11753946

Schilero, G. J., Spungen, A. M., Bauman, W. A., Radulovic, M., & Lesser, M. (2009). Pulmonary function and spinal cord injury. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 166(3), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.002

Schilero, G.J., Grimm, D.R., Bauman, W.A., Lenner, R., Lesser, M. (2005). Assessment of airway caliber and bronchodilator responsiveness in subjects with spinal cord injury. Chest, 127(1), 149-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.127.1.149

Bhaskar, K. R., Brown, R., O’Sullivan, D. D., Melia, S., Duggan, M., & Reid, L. (1991). Bronchial Mucus Hypersecretion in Acute Quadriplegia: Macromolecular Yields and Glycoconjugate Composition. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 143(3), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/143.3.640

Chaw, E., Shem, K., Castillo, K., Wong, S., & Chang, J. (2012). Dysphagia and associated respiratory considerations in cervical spinal cord injury. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 18(4), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1310/sci1804-291

Almenoff PL, Alexander LR, Spungen AM, Lesser MD, Bauman WA. Bronchodilatory effects of ipratropium bromide in patients with tetraplegia. Paraplegia 1995; 33: 274-7.

Spungen AM, Dicpinigaitis PV, Almenoff PL, Bauman WA. Pulmonary obstruction in individuals with cervical spinal cord lesions unmasked by bronchodilator administration. Paraplegia 1993;31:404-7.

Schilero GJ, Grimm D, Spungen AM, Lenner R, Lesser M.  Bronchodilator responses to metaproterenol sulfate among subjects with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2004; 41: 59-64.

Grimm DR, Schilero GJ, Spungen AM, Bauman  WA, Lesser M. Salmeterol improves pulmonary function in persons with tetraplegia. Lung 2006; 184: 335–339.

Devivo, M. J. (2012). Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: Trends and future implications. Spinal Cord, 50(5), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2011.178

Gregoretti, C., Olivieri, C., & Navalesi, P. (2005). Physiologic comparison between conventional mechanical ventilation and transtracheal open ventilation in acute traumatic quadriplegic patients. Critical Care Medicine, 33(5), 1114–1118. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000162559.74446.09

Como, J. J., Sutton, E. R. H., McCunn, M., Dutton, R. P., Johnson, S. B., Aarabi, B., & Scalea, T. M. (2005). Characterizing the need for mechanical ventilation following cervical spinal cord injury with neurologic deficit. Journal of Trauma – Injury, Infection and Critical Care, 59(4), 912–916. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000187660.03742.a6

Montoto-Marqués, A., Trillo-Dono, N., Ferreiro-Velasco, M. E., Salvador-De La Barrera, S., Rodriguez-Sotillo, A., Mourelo-Fariña, M., Galeiras-Vázquez, R., & Meijide-Failde, R. (2018). Risks factors of mechanical ventilation in acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injured patients. Spinal Cord, 56(3), 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-017-0005-7

Seidl, R. O., Wolf, D., Nusser-Müller-Busch, R., & Niedeggen, A. (2010). Airway management in acute tetraplegics: A retrospective study. European Spine Journal, 19(7), 1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1328-7

Velmahos, G. C., Toutouzas, K., Chan, L., Tillou, A., Rhee, P., Murray, J., & Demetriades, D. (2003). Intubation after cervical spinal cord injury: to be done selectively or routinely? The American Surgeon, 69, 891–894. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464551

Durbin, C. G., Bell, C. T., & Shilling, A. M. (2014). Elective intubation. Respiratory Care, 59(6), 825–849.

Shirawi, N., & Arabi, Y. (2005). Bench-to-bedside review: Early tracheostomy in critically ill trauma patients. In Critical Care (Vol. 10, Issue 1). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3828

Biering-Sorensen, M. (1992). Tracheostomy in spinal cord injured: frequency and follow up. 30, 656–660.

Ganuza, J. R., Forcada, A. G., Gambarrutta, C., Buigues, E. D. D. L. L., Gonzalez, V. E. M., Fuentes, F. P., & Luciani, A. A. (2011). Effect of technique and timing of tracheostomy in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury undergoing mechanical ventilation. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 34(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1179/107902610X12886261091875

McCully, B. H., Fabricant, L., Geraci, T., Greenbaum, A., Schreiber, M. A., & Gordy, S. D. (2014). Complete cervical spinal cord injury above C6 predicts the need for tracheostomy. American Journal of Surgery, 207(5), 668–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.01.001

Yugué, I., Okada, S., Ueta, T., Maeda, T., Mori, E., Kawano, O., Takao, T., Sakai, H., Masuda, M., Hayashi, T., Morishita, Y., & Shiba, K. (2012). Analysis of the risk factors for tracheostomy in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Spine, 37(26), 1633–1638. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31827417f1

Leelapattana, P., Fleming, J. C., Gurr, K. R., Bailey, S. I., Parry, N., & Bailey, C. S. (2012). Predicting the need for tracheostomy in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 73(4), 880–884. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318251fb34

Menaker, J., Kufera, J. A., Glaser, J., Stein, D. M., & Scalea, T. M. (2013). Admission ASIA motor score predicting the need for tracheostomy after cervical spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 75(4), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182a12b86

O’Keeffe, T., Goldman, R. K., Mayberry, J. C., Rehm, C. G., & Hart, R. A. (2004). Tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation. Journal of Trauma – Injury, Infection and Critical Care, 57(4), 855–860. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TA.0000083006.48501.B2

Harrop, J. S., Sharan, A. D., Scheid, E. H., Vaccaro, A. R., & Przybylski, G. J. (2004). Tracheostomy placement in patients with complete cervical spinal cord injuries: American Spinal Injury Association Grade A. Journal of Neurosurgery, 100(Spine 1), 20–23.

Peterson, W., Charlifue, W., Gerhart, A., & Whiteneck, G. (1994). Two methods of weaning persons with quadriplegia from mechanical ventilators. Paraplegia, 32(2), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.1994.17

Kornblith, L. Z., Kutcher, M. E., Callcut, R. A., Redick, B. J., Hu, C. K., Cogbill, T. H., Baker, C. C., Shapiro, M. L., Burlew, C. C., Kaups, K. L., DeMoya, M. A., Haan, J. M., Koontz, C. H., Zolin, S. J., Gordy, S. D., Shatz, D. V, Paul, D. B., Cohen, M. J., & Western Trauma Association Study Group. (2013). Mechanical ventilation weaning and extubation after spinal cord injury: a Western Trauma Association multicenter study. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 75(6), 1060–1069; discussion 1069-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182a74a5b

Berlly, M., & Shem, K. (2007). Respiratory management during the first five days after spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 30(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2007.11753946

Garcia-Arguello, L. Y., O’Horo, J. C., Farrell, A., Blakney, R., Sohail, M. R., Evans, C. T., & Safdar, N. (2017). Infections in the spinal cord-injured population: a systematic review. Spinal Cord, 55(6), 526–534. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2016.173

Alabed, S., De Heredia, L. L., Naidoo, A., Belci, M., Hughes, R. J., & Meagher, T. M. (2015). Incidence of pulmonary embolism after the first 3 months of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 53(11), 835–837. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2015.105

Aito, S., Pieri, A., D’Andrea, M., Marcelli, F., & Cominelli, E. (2002). Primary prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in acute spinal cord injured patients. Spinal Cord, 40(6), 300–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101298

Frisbie, J. H., & Sharma, G. V. R. K. (2012). The prevalence of pulmonary embolism in chronically paralyzed subjects: A review of available evidence. Spinal Cord, 50(6), 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2011.154

Sezer, N., Akkuş, S., & Uğurlu, F. G. (2015). Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World Journal of Orthopaedics, 6(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.24

DiMarco, A. F., Kowalski, K. E., Hromyak, D. R., & Geertman, R. T. (2014). Long-term follow-up of spinal cord stimulation to restore cough in subjects with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 37(4), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772313Y.0000000152

Carter, R. E. (1993). Experience with ventilator dependent patients ! In Paraplegia (Vol. 31). https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.1993.28

Hirschfeld, S., Exner, G., Luukkaala, T., & Baer, G. A. (2008). Mechanical ventilation or phrenic nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury-induced respiratory insufficiency. Spinal Cord, 46(11), 738–742. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2008.43

Esclarin, A., Bravo, P., Arroyo, O., Mazaira, J., Garrido, H., & Alcaraz, M. A. (1994). Tracheostomy ventilation versus diaphragmatic pacemaker ventilation in high spinal cord injury. Paraplegia, 32(10), 687–693. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.1994.111

DiMarco, A. F., Kowalski, K. E., Geertman, R. T., & Hromyak, D. R. (2006). Spinal cord stimulation: a new method to produce an effective cough in patients with spinal cord injury. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 173(12), 1386–1389. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200601-097CR

Hachmann, J. T., Grahn, P. J., Calvert, J. S., Drubach, D. I., Lee, K. H., & Lavrov, I. A. (2017). Electrical Neuromodulation of the Respiratory System After Spinal Cord Injury. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 92(9), 1401–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.04.011

Harkema, S. J., Wang, S., Angeli, C. A., Chen, Y., Boakye, M., Ugiliweneza, B., & Hirsch, G. A. (2018). Normalization of Blood Pressure With Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation After Severe Spinal Cord Injury. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 83. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00083

1. The breathing process ©The SCIRE Community Team
2. Modified from: Musculi colli base © Olek Remesz, CC-BY-SA 2.5; Muscles that move the humerus ©OpenStax, CC BY 4.0; Thorax ©OpenStax, CC BY 4.0; Respiratory System ©Theresa Knott, CC BY-SA 3.0, Vertebral Column ©Servier Medical Art, CC BY 3.0; Outline ©Servier Medical Art, CC BY 3.0
3. Lungs ©Mahmure Alp, CC BY 3.0
4. Sneezing icon ©j4p4n, CC 0
5. POWERbreathe Plus, ©POWERbreathe
6. Tracheostomy NIH ©National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, CC 0
7. Blausen 0742 Pneumothorax ©Bruce Blaus, CC BY 3.0
8. Pulmonary embolism ©Servier Medical Art, CC BY 3.0
9. Cure medical care medication pharmacology vaccination ©Bicanski, CC 0
10. Lung volume recruitment set ©The SCIRE Community Team
11. Using the FES ©The SCIRE Community Team
12. Abdominal Binder ©The SCIRE Community Team
13. Modified from: Diagram 1 of 3 showing stage 3A lung cancer CRUK 008 ©Cancer Research UK, CC BY 4.0; Breathing ©Servier Medical Art, CC BY 3.0